PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE: A REVIEW

Abstract

Genome-editing technologies, especially the CRISPR-Cas system, have revolutionized genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology by executing precise DNA modification. Compared with earlier genome editing methods like zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases, CRISPR-Cas9 offers unmatched efficiency and ease of use. Applications of this technology reach from gene therapy to agricultural applications and fundamental research. Enhancements in specificity and reduction of off-target effects from recent advancements such as prime editing have rendered CRISPR Cas9 an indispensable tool for genetic engineering in this era. CRISPR-Cas technology can enhance crop yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance through site-directed mutagenesis in agricultural settings. Unlike conventional biotechnology techniques, CRISPR does not require the introduction of exogenous DNA, thus rendering genome-edited crops more palatable in the eyes of regulatory bodies and consumers. However, there are impediments to commercialization due to a wide variety of regulatory frameworks and acceptance modal values. Considering factors such as lower research expenses and shortened breeding processes, the importance of genome editing is emphasized for global food security. However, technical issues, particularly optimization for tropical crops, and fears regarding off-target effects have hindered the uptake of genome editing. Ethical issues and regulatory hurdles concerning biodiversity, food safety, and ecological risks remain some of the unapproachable hurdles. Public engagement is the only road to set the record straight on misconceptions and earn acceptance for genome editing technology to meet the food needs of the world.